Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution by Essay - 1

Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution by Joan Landes - Essay Example She based her arguments on the fact that women were not excluded incidentally but rather central to an incarnation of the public sphere since their participation in politics broke up once they demanded rights as citizens of the new republic. The female image in this context constructs a specific sort of national identity. In her book, Landes was concerned with France and its revolution, which was regarded as an advancement period for men, doing no good to women. During this age, the republican ideology of universal and equal citizenship created a danger to patriarchal supremacy; a sharper division of gender and forceful gendering of split spheres neutralized this threat. During the ancient regime, aristocratic salonnieres and women of the court influenced politics and could participate in public debates. In contrast to the new republic, women were barred from the bourgeois civic sphere and their voices prohibited. They were perceived to be irrational, motivated by personal emotions, and specific preferences practiced through bedroom or backstairs influence, would distort the public sphere expected to be neutral and concerned with the common good. Private sphere acted as the dominion of particularism, feminine, and emotion, while the public sphere was characterized by universality, masculinity, and reason. Moreover, republican dialogue downgraded females’ local sphere such that, duty to the state was prioritized than family loyalty. Landes gave an example of Wollstonecraft, a radical woman who failed to challenge these ideologies; she approved a masculine public sphere conception and offered women a chance to enter it, particularly through assuming masculine features. Her aim was to enlighten men to take an initiative in allowing women to participate in politics as she noted that women could not speak as citizens devoid of their womanhood. The arguments in this book has contributed

Computer crime and forensic Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer crime and forensic - Term Paper Example The good that he has done is to open up the activities of NSA, as well as its partner in Britain, who violates the privacy of the two countries citizens through secret government surveillances (Ball, 2013). This can be considered good, since it elicits a dialogue on the suitability and the unsuitability of such activities. For this reason, he should be protected by the whistle blowing agency, for having divulged sensitive, but vital information regarding government agencies. However, Edward Snowden has already caused too much damage on the reputation of the government agencies, as well as placing sensitive and classified information that is only accessible by the security agencies in the public domain, thus making the security of the countries prone to many breaches (The Economic Times, 2013). For such reasons, he may have committed a big blunder, though the result is that, it has opened a public debate on the security agencies breaching of the privacy of private individuals and enti ties. Thus, instead of considering him as a criminal, he should be treated as a hero who worked towards risking his life, for the sake ensuring that the public is aware of the existing violations. Therefore, he should not be incriminated. References Ball, J. (October 25, 2013). Leaked memos reveal GCHQ efforts to keep mass surveillance secret. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/25/leaked-memos-gchq-mass-surveillance-secret-snowden Greenberg, A. (September 13, 2013). Intelligence Officials Admit That Edward Snowden's NSA Leaks Call For Reforms. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/09/13/intelligence-officials-admit-that-edward-snowdens-leaks-call-for-reforms/ The Economic Times. (Oct 26, 2013). Edward Snowden's leaks most serious in US history: ex-CIA official. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-26/news/43415706_1_intelligence-community-edward-snowden-intelligence-agencies Question 2 Mobile Threats This is a major threat to e very individual and even a threat personally, since it entails the installation of a malware on an individual’s mobile phone by criminals, who are able to manipulate the a malware program to be able to purchase items from the app store, without the permission of the mobile devise owner (McAfee report, 2012). The danger associated with this type of threat is that; it can drain the wallet accounts created by individuals for the purpose of online purchase of items from the app stores, since it can easily be installed on the mobile devices of such individuals, whenever they connect to the purchase sites. Malware This is another threat to the privacy and data accessibility of individuals, through the installation of malfunctioning software that blocks the operating system from being able to access data, thus blocking the accessibility of the data purchased, until the owner of the computer system pays some ransom. This type of software is called the ransomware (McAfee report, 2012) . This threat poses a danger to all of us, as well as to self, since it can be done to anyone’s computer. Big-Scale Attacks This is considered a big threat to all of us, since it is a malicious attack not specifically targeted at financial gain, but for the purposes of causing as much damage as possible to the computer systems. The most worrying aspect is that, the threat targets company systems, which will in turn put the performance

Hamlet and Sure Thing | Analysis of Timing and Language

Hamlet and Sure Thing | Analysis of Timing and Language Getting it Right: An analysis of Timing and Language in Hamlet and Sure Thing This essay explores how language is used to reveal the hidden inner thoughts and feelings of characters, and how timing can play a crucial part in the portrayal of dramatic characters to the audience. The work addresses how, in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, language portrays the gradual working through of Hamlet’s thoughts, towards his ultimate ambition of revenge, and in contrast, how language is crucial in establishing the initial and critical connection between Bill and Betty in David Ives’ one-Act play, Sure Thing. Sure Thing presents a sequence of dialogues between a young couple getting to know one another in a coffee shop. The ringing of a bell interrupts their successive attempts at the same conversation. Signifying ‘time out’ when one says something unsuccessful, when, in ordinary circumstances, their conversation might have ended: BILL. This is my first night out alone in a long time. I feel a little bit at sea, to tell you the truth. BETTY. So you didn’t stop to talk because you’re a Moonie, or because you have some weird political affiliation -? BILL. Nope. Straight-down-the-ticket Republican. (Bell). Straight-down-the-ticket Democrat. (Bell.) Can I tell you something about politics? (Bell.) I like to think of myself as a citizen of the universe. (Bell.) I’m unaffiliated. BETTY. That’s a relief. So am I. (Ives, 1994, p.20). In this play, unlike the tumultuous progress of Hamlet, extremes are no good it is the middle ground that both characters seek to inhabit, where safe and reliable answers will secure their trust in one another as a potential partner. Ives’ use of language is witty and selective briefly touching on topics that give the audience an idea of the personality and tastes of the characters, while chopping up the pace to keep their attention. In contrast, Hamlet seeks to explore the extremities of human character and the boundaries between sanity and insanity, and morality and immorality. For example, when Hamlet’s world is suddenly turned upon its head after the murder of his father, Shakespeare uses metaphor to express the ominous and unsettled feelings which Hamlet experiences: I have of late (but whereof I know not) lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises; and, indeed, it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory; this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave overhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appeareth no other thing to me than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours! (Hamlet, II. I. Found in Geddes and Grossett, 2006, P.386). Hamlet’s vision of the world is compared to a structure the ‘frame’ of the earth, and the ‘canopy’ of the sky. The metaphor is extended into the following lines, where the phenomena of the natural world are ascribed with human characteristics such as ‘brave’ and ‘majestical.’ Shakespeare’s use of landscape as metaphor is crucial here as it emphasizes the turning upside down of Hamlet’s world the idea that everything he knew and trusted to remain has suddenly transformed into the worst, most extreme, scenario imaginable. For Shakespeare, it is the gradual unfolding of Hamlet’s character, which drives the play forward and causes the audience to question social and personal values. As critic W. Thomas MacCary comments on Hamlet, the development of the plot is determined by the development of Hamlet’s character. Furthermore, Hamlet as a character must ‘reveal what is hidden, [†¦.] so the plot of Hamlet is a gradual revelation of what is rotten in the state of Denmark.’ (MacCary, 1998, p.65): The time is out of joint: O cursed spite, That ever I was born to set it right! (Hamlet, I.v. 188-19. Found in Geddes and Grosset, 2006, p.384). Hamlets infamous delay is necessary for him, and the audience, to have the time to assimilate and make an informed judgement on the events that have passed, before proceeding to the next phase of dramatic intensity. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to portray to the audience what is personal to Hamlet. This technique serves not only to isolate the character, thus focusing attention on him, but also encourages comparisons and reflection on the part of the audience to their own lives, and the country of Denmark. In contrast, the intensity of Ives’ dialogue between Bill and Betty presents a short, sudden insight into the awkwardness and insouciance of a contemporary young couple, meeting for the first time, while providing a witty and thought-provoking social commentary. As this is a play with few props, the attention is focused on the couple; indeed, Bill’s desire to gain Betty’s attention and secure her company is projected onto the waiter, whose imminent arrival at t he end of the dialogue signifies the closing of the scene. The fact that the waiter never arrives and thus fails to interrupt the course of their conversation isolates the awkwardness and potential irony of contemporary social standards: conversation is often jolted, misplaced, and wrongly timed: BILL. (Looks around.) Well the waiters here sure seem to be in some different time zone. I can’t seem to locate one anywhere†¦.Waiter! (He looks back.) So what do you (He sees that she’s gone back to her book.) BETTY. I beg pardon? BILL. Nothing. Sorry. (Bell.) (Ives, 1994, p.17). This inspires the audience to consider the idea that although two fairly similar people are talking in a public meeting place, with nothing to interrupt them, they still cannot get it right. The characters make references to ‘different schedules,’ ‘missed connections,’ and the term ‘different time zone’ is first mentioned by Bill, and then repeated by Betty. This is suggestive of Ives’ intention to present to the audience the idea that in the 21st century, despite the presence of sophisticated means of communication, the simple act of making oneself known to another remains problematic. To conclude, this essay has shown that timing is crucial in both the plays, not only in the portrayal of the character to the audience, but also in the continuity of each play as a whole. Selective and witty use of language in both plays helps to remind the audience that they are not just watching an imagined scenario, but a bittersweet parody of the society of which they themselves are a part. Bibliography Geddes and Grosset, 2006, The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. New Lanark: Geddes and Grosset Ives, D.1994, All in the Timing: Six One-Act comedies. Dramatists Play Service: New York Joseph, B., 1953, Conscience and the King: A study of Hamlet. London: Chatto and Windus MacCary, W.T., 1998, Hamlet: A Guide to the Play. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press

Ben Franklin :: essays research papers fc

Ben Franklin was a man of many ideas. He was able to come up with hundreds of inventions which played big roles at that time and for the future. He greatly affected the lives of many people around the world at that time period and at this time period with the things that he had invented. One of Ben Franklin’s greatest inventions was the Franklin stove. He took the model of the old stove and made it even better and more energy sufficient. The people of Philadelphia wanted the Franklin stove for two main reasons. The first reason is it gave off two times more heat than the old wood burning stoves. The second reason is it used one half the energy required for the old wood burning stoves(Cousins 88). This means that people didn’t have to chop down as many trees and split as much wood. They were able to used the wood for more useful things than just burning it. Ben wrote, †Since wood has become so expensive, any new proposal for saving the wood may at least be worth c onsideration†(Parker 13). They could use wood to build house or any other kinds of building or structures. They could also used the extra wood to build furniture and other things for the inside of their houses. Also there would be a lot of extra wood because less wood was required for burning. It was also was a lot less dangerous because it was a closed flame rather than an open fire. Ben found out that the women in his family that stayed home each day, did not get as many cold and toothaches as they used to(Cousins 89). â€Å"Soon every women in Philadelphia wanted a Franklin stove†(Cousins 89). â€Å"The Pennsylvania authorities were very pleased. They offered Franklin the patent for his design of the stove. This meant that he could earn money for every Franklin stove made. He refused saying that he was glad to be able to serve others.† (Parker 13) This was a truly great inventions for the people of that time and the present. During that time, wood burning was everyone’s source of heat, now there are many sources of heat. People still burn wood and it is probably the cheapest way to heat a house. Many people also use it as their primary source of heat or just as back up heat just in case something happens.

Special occasion birthday

Well I know you left the best for last. I'd like to make a toast to my neighbor and friend who has never changed. Now of course you have gained some few pounds but who's counting? Not to brag or anything, but I can still fit in the earrings I wore in high school. But today is not about me, it's about you, although I actually wished you wore something prettier. Today is also about wishing you a happy birthday but what's with the family reunion? I mean we should be partying right now!Anyway, last night I remembered all those funny times we spent together, like when we both really wanted the same guy, and he ended up being my prom date! Or when my tongue accidentally slipped and told your parents you had a tattoo! You went crazy at that time, but come on isn't it funny now? Cheers to all the funny moments to come! But most importantly, try to enjoy the present and do not worry about the fact that you're one step closer to the grave. Hopefully, your life will be as cool as mine some day. Don't worry, it is not a shame to marry at an old age, or even die single. I'll definitely supply you with as many cats as you want, or you can live with me and my future millionaire husband in our villa. I have plenty of advice to give you on your 21st birthday. First, lay down the fast food, it wouldn't get you closer to marriage. Second, make sure to stay confident no matter what; not everyone Is perfect. Finally, I know maybe the only thing you beat me at Is grades. But let's face It; I'm Just too cool for school.So, study well because someday I will need a plastic surgeon to fix everything that has shrunk. You probably got a lot of nice gifts and everything, but I got you a precious gift that is extremely valuable and I want you to use It with great care and precision. I really hope you like It. You know I'm all about helping you and being by your side so I'm sure It will help you attract Mohammad All and maybe get rid of that bad breath. Who knows, that might have been what's taking him so long to pop the question. Happy birthday childhood friend!

EcoRes is an independent project designed to reach the goal of energy saving in student accommodation sectors

The object of Eco-Res project is to achieve a goal of energy saving in five years by taking technology measures in student accommodation. This technology management report will give a roadmap of where the future of Eco-Res project lie. The following parts will be included in this report: †¢ Current technology solutions in the energy saving area. †¢ How to make changes happen? The key drivers in the change management. †¢ What factors might stop in the process of Eco-Res project. †¢ Different types of changes and how to achieve them. †¢ The main risks might exist in Eco-Res project. †¢ Some strategy recommendations and other related information. Overview of technology roadmap for the next 5 years Currently, the energy usage in University mainly depend on the traditional energy source. For next 5 years, these goals should be achieved: †¢ Reduce energy consumption by students and staff living on campus by 30% over the next five years. †¢ Make additional savings greater than investment to develop further environmental activities over time. 1. Technology solution indicating leader or technology follower Eco-Res is an independent project designed to reach the goal of energy saving in student accommodation sectors. Technology solutions applied in Eco-Res project should enable students and staff who reside on campus to monitor and reduce their residential usage. In order to achieve the target of energy saving, some renewable energy technology should be used in Eco-Res project. Considerable technology solutions are listed below. Solar photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation into electricity, and in this way, solar photovoltaic system can produce energy for daily life usage. Solar thermal technology mainly collect the heat from the Sun by solar collectors, and transfer heat by hot water. Solar power is a kind of green energy which can be installed easily and widely in student accommodation. Wind power can be utilized by wind turbine. A wind turbine plays a role of converting wind energy into mechanical energy. Different type of wind turbine can be used according to different circumstances. Another technology solution is LED installation. By installing LED lights, a large amount of energy bills can be saved. Cycle by cycle laundry equipment could also be considered as a technology solution. Biomass is another technology solution can be considered. Biomass can either be used directed or convert into other energy forms. Garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases and alcohol fuels are the main resources of biomass. 1. Type of change management required – key drivers This section will summarize the most important drivers of change management. In Eco-Res project, the main change management drivers lie in strategic change, technology change, change forces and human resource. Figure Nature of change (Balogun and Hope Hailey,1999) This picture shows the type of change model. From the aspect of Eco-Res project, the main drivers of this technology change are increasing desire of energy (Incremental) and low energy efficiency (Transformation), therefore, Eco-Res project is an evolution. Staffordshire University, adapted from Balogun and Hope Hailey,1999, Exploring Strategic Change, Prentice Hall. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopQQà ¦Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾20141228200251.png Source: adapted from Johnson & Scholes, 1999, Exploring Corporate Strategy, p.511 From the change style model produced by Johnson & Scholes (1999), the Eco-Res needs transformational change, therefore, the direction style strategic should be applied to the project. The key driver to this change management is the â€Å"use of authority to set direction and means of change†. Morgen Witzel (2003). Fifty key figures in management. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-36977-0p.96. In technology change, it will be very necessary to respond to change according to Mousetrap Theory. According to the functional theory of Henri Fayol (Morgen Witzel, 2003), in technology change management, there were planning, organizing, commanding, co-ordinating and controlling. In technology management today, there should also have forecasting. By applying the functional theory to Eco-Res project, the key drivers can be summarized as follow: †¢ Make a complete project plan for recommended technology solutions in Eco-Res project. †¢ Appropriate organization of Eco-Res project. †¢ Make a Gantt chart of Eco-Res project to command it. †¢ Arrange different specialized people on different role in Eco-Res project. †¢ By setting up milestones in the project plan to control the process. †¢ Get to know the future of the technology solutions applied in Eco-Res project. 1958 – J. March & H Simon organisations (New York, John Wiles & Sons, 1958) From the respect of internal pressures, Eco-Res project need to fulfil the requirements of energy saving raised up by stakeholders. From the respect of external pressures, more and more benefits of renewable energy appeared recent years. For example, government supports and marketing benefits. Market pull and technology push like renewable technology becoming more important in energy market and more and more renewable energy can be realized in daily life are the promotion elements of Eco-Res project. From the perspective of human resource in managing change, different role plays different part in the change management. First of all, as the change agent in Eco-Res project, this entity should made a long-term strategic plan for this project. As the strategic leadership in Eco-Res project, this role should ensure every process of the project going well to achieve the goal of energy saving. As middle managers, these people contribute to Eco-Res project as gate players. The middle managers should convey the view from the top manager and reflect the feedbacks from the lower managers, and they also control the implementation of Eco-Res project. 3. Resistance to change Common reasons for resistance Topic Reasoning Self-interest For students themselves, Eco-Res project do not provide direct benefits. Disagreement Do not trust Eco-Res project can achieve the goal of energy saving. On the other hand, students may think too much time and money will be spent on this project. Remuneration Through the period of Eco-Res project, the reward of work may change, but because of the contract, the remuneration will not change, therefore, staff involved in this project may not satisfied with this. Fear New technology may exist some risks during installation and usage. Misunderstanding The target of Eco-Res project may not be expressed clearly. Habit Students and staff live on campus may like to stick to traditional habit, and refuse to involve in Eco-Res project. Culture People from different cultural background may have different view of energy saving. Indifference Not all students and staff concern about environmental problem. Forcefield Analysis (Lewin, 1951) Organizational resistance Topic Reasoning Existing Structure Hierarchical and flattened relationship as an existing structure may make things more difficult in new technology management. Power Bases Specific power bases are necessary like budget controls, autocratic or not and stakeholder mapping. Culture Different ways of dealing with different technology management. Planning Technology roadmap including mission, vision, forecast, firefighting, reactive, resources and rewards made specifically for Eco-Res project is necessary. Training Staff involved in Eco-Res project should be trained before the start point. Resources Human resources and material resources should be considered properly. Incentives Too much or too little incentives will be the resistance element in Eco-Res project. Proper incentives can inspire staff work harder. History There were some energy saving project before Eco-Res project, and there also exists some traditional solutions may affect the innovation in Eco-Res project. Cultural Web (Johnson et al, 2005) Lewin K. (1951) ‘Field Theory in Social Science', Harper and Row, New York. 4. Hard and/or Soft system changes In hard system changes, there are different technology solutions and installation of the renewable energy equipment. In soft system changes, the main point is cultural change of the organization. From the culture web of organization (Johnson et al, 2005) Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) ‘Exploring Corporate Strategy’, Prentice-Hall,Harlow. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopQQà ¦Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾20141230043225.png 5. Major risks or downsides for the initiative Risk spreadsheet Risk likelihood impact Mitigation options Wrong estimation of the process duration medium large Keep working on the wrong estimation process and get another independent process begin at the same time. Underproduction of the energy saving project’s task medium large Increase duration of the task and rearrange the project process arrangement. Cost overspend (variable components prices) large large Look for other investors and build cooperation, or negotiate more investment from existed investors. Decrease of government subsidization medium small Increase the efficient of the energy saving project to save cost. Equipment failure in usage medium Medium-large Establish maintenance team and fix the equipment immediately. Variables of weather Medium large Backup the electricity usage by using existing grid to power up. Failure of installation of facilities Reference Market strategy for Eco-Res solution Executive Summary This report proposed a market strategy to promote and encourage use of the Eco-Res solution by University students living on campus. 1. Market research The purposes of Eco-Res project market research are identified as: †¢ Get to know the attitudes of students and staff on campus towards Eco-Res project. †¢ Determine promising students and target markets (on campus) for Eco-Res project. †¢ Help make market segmentation by doing a survey about how students behave to achieve energy saving. †¢ Recommend a most acceptable renewable energy technology from the market research, and also investigate an acceptable cost for Eco-Res project. Both Internet-based and mail-based surveys were implemented to assess the awareness and attitudes of students and staff on campus towards emerging renewable technologies. And the methodology of the Eco-Res market research is: †¢ Aim at students and staff live on campus. †¢ Developmentally market researches should be designed to determine the target market more accurately. The overall key findings of the present market researches are: †¢ Most students and staff who participated in the market researches are quite concerned with energy saving, and they think more improvement of energy saving should be made in the University of York. †¢ Solar PV is the most acceptable technology in energy saving area. †¢ As for daily life behaviour, most students and staff have more or less energy saving habits. The gaps of present market researches are: †¢ The most questions in the questionnaires are about the general awareness of energy saving, further investment about Eco-Res project should be done. †¢ Researches about personal and general information about students should be done to get to know the customers of Eco-Res project better. 1. Motivation theory To make students and staff living on campus get involved in Eco-Res project, some motivation theories should be applied to increase the amount of participation. Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs A combination of Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs model and Self-Efficacy theory could be applied to Eco-Res project, specifically, the esteem and actualization part could be combined with the Self-Efficacy theory. Eco-Res project fulfil the requirement of energy, therefore, the physical stage has been achieved. The energy usage in daily life can be guaranteed in Eco-Res project. Safety as a basic requirement in energy usage can also be a fundamental assurance. In the aspect of Love/Belonging, an association of Eco-Res project can be established to make students aware of their contribution to school energy saving. By involving in this visible association, a feeling of belonging is growing, and Eco-Res project will not just a school project. The combination part is the most import part in motivating students and staff. In order to let students feel respected, every student involved in Eco-Res project should be connected by email and text, and special services for membership should be established. Different school events like renewable energy introduction and practice of installing renewable energy equipment should be held. By these kind experiences, students on campus will get the meaning of Eco-Res project. Elective courses can be set up to coach students in behaviours of energy saving in daily life and also introduce the value of Eco-Res project. At the same time, speeches about energy saving or some green topic speech competition can be held in order to increase the concern of energy saving between students. Bandura – Self-Efficacy Theory Ajzen – Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985) From the model of Planed Behaviour theory, it can be proven that a complete plan of Eco-Res project is very important. By providing a specific progress to students on campus, the feeling of everything is under control can be established. c. Market segmentation Marketing is the heart of a successful technology project like Eco-Res project. In order to convey the information efficiently and effectively, a considerable way is based on marketing segmentation. Market segmentation is defined as â€Å"dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who might require separate products or marketing mixes† (Armstrong. G. and Kotler. P. 2005). There are many different ways to divide market, and the Determinants of Consumer Behaviour model (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) could be referenced for market segmentation. From the perspective of behavioural segmentation, a survey about Eco-Res project produced by Rachel Bate showed that most students and staff on campus have the habit of saving energy. The Defra research (James Murray, 2008) could be a reference for Eco-Res project marketing segmentation, and the Defra research produced a great method of dividing behavioural segmentation. However, different level of concern lead to different frequency of behaviour. The types of consumer behaviour (Doyle and Stern, 2006) showed the theory support of behavioural segmentation. Therefore, the target group in behavioural segmentation first comes to students and staff who have very good energy saving habits. Students and staff who are not concerned about energy saving could be the emphasis of promotion. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktopmotivation.png Types of Consumer Behavior (Doyle and Stern, 2006) Students and staff from different economic circumstances could also be a way of segmentation. People from low-income household may value more about energy saving, since Eco-Res project could bring a great saving of energy bills. However, in Eco-Res project, there may exist cost to get involved in this project. Students and staff from higher income family also have a tendency to join Eco-Res project considering the cost and benefit from this project. Therefore, an appropriate cost for Eco-Res project and an announcement of the money could be saved from this project are required. In the aspect of demographic segmentation, students and staff may have different view of Eco-Res project because of different age, occupations and educational levels. A market research from group 6 showed that people who have higher educational levels concern more about energy saving. A deeper market research should be made to show how age and occupations affect people’s tendency to take part in Eco-Res project. This research could also include survey about students from different countries and different colleges. In this way, the demographic segmentation could combine with geographic segmentation. For example, if the market research shows that both postgraduate students and students from other countries concern a lot about energy saving, then the Wentworth College could become a target market. d. The marketing mix The 4 Ps Marketing Mix (McCarthy, 1960) comprises: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. The classic elements offer a useful matrix to assess Eco-Res project. Eco-Res initiatives should address each of the 4Ps. While Eco-Res project do not control the technology and installation, the success of this project is only linked to the success of getting students and staff involving into this project. The most important goal of this marketing strategy is building a strong customer base for renewable energy technology usage in their dormitories. The 4Ps of Eco-Res project are defined as below. For marketing purposes, Eco-Res project can evaluate the product from the perspective of consumers’ rational and emotional attitudes towards energy saving. These attitudes affect the desire to get involved in this project. The brand name is Eco-Res, and the value of this project is to save energy and develop more environmental friendly projects. In Ansoff Matrix model, Eco-Res project in the University of York belongs to product development. In product development, Eco-Res project should develop plans to fulfil the target market segments. In order to build a sustaining Picture Ansoff Matrix (Ansoff, 1957) brand for Eco-Res project, the value of energy saving in this project should be showed to appeal the target students and staff who are interested in energy saving in the behavioural segmentation. In order to express Eco-Res project better, a logo was designed as follow. C:UserssdzhangweiDesktoplogo.png Picture logo Price is one of the biggest barriers to growing the energy saving marketing, and Eco-Res project should be addressed to help overcome customer price concerns. Eco-Res project has a merit of saving the energy bills for students and school, which could make accommodation fee per week cheaper compared with non-Eco-Res buildings. Different prices should be developed to appeal to students and staff in different economic circumstances. For example, customers can choose the LED installation plan only or both LED installation plan and solar PV installation plan. Different choices come with different prices, and a list of cost and maintenance fee should be produced. Place should be considered through the building of a strong supplier network. This supplier network should ensure students can easily find different part of Eco-Res project. In other words, this project should be visible. In place strategy, Eco-Res project can use website, referral systems and fixed places in target colleges. An Eco-Res project website should be established to help students and staff on campus know the Eco-Res solution better. A general introduction about Eco-Res, the benefits of Eco-Res and the way to get involved in Eco-Res should be showed on the website. Another way of place strategy is by email. In target colleges which showed large interest in Eco-Res project from market research, messages about Eco-Res should be emailed to the students and staff in these colleges. Referral and information desks should also be set in these targeted colleges. Promotion behaviour of Eco-Res project should be presented to ensure the right messages are conveyed. Exhibitions about Eco-Res project can be held in these targeted colleges, and at the same time, direct advertising by post or door-drop could be down. Social media (like Twitter and Facebook etc.) promotion between students and staff is also necessary. On school journals in University of York, the accurate target and value of Eco-Res project should be introduced.

The Big Bang Approach

The Big Bang Approach Introduction Companies have to choose from various options including the big bang, the phased roll and the parallel implementation approaches when implementing an ERP (Brown at al, 2012). There is, however, no straight answer as to which approach is best since every company is unique in terms of need and the capacity to implement the approach.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Big Bang Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changing from one ERP to another is, however, not a simple decision since it holds all the potential to make-or-break the firm (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). Companies thus have to take various considerations before choosing the approach. Some of the critical factors include; the cost of implementation, the level of risk acceptable to the company and the size of the business (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). The big bang approach of implementing ERP happens in one major action where all users move to the new system on a given switch-on date (Brown at al, 2012). The phased roll approach, on the other hand, happens over an extended period of time and in phases (Brown at al, 2012). The users are, therefore, introduced to the new system in calculated steps. The parallel adoption, though not very popular, is more of a hybrid of the two approaches. It allows both the legacy system and the new ERP to run at the same time (Brown at al, 2012). The users are allowed to learn the new systems, while still working with the legacy system. NIBCO’S big bang The big bang approach is a high risk ERP implementation decision. It requires a lot of planning and well calculated fall back options (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). The successful implementation of this approach by the NIBCO Company can be tied to its good planning. Although the implementation approach is a single-event affair, its successful implementation requires enough time to plan and strategize (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). It is no table that the implementation of the approach at NIBCO started in December 1995, two years before its switch-on date (Brown at al, 2012). The company even went ahead to set up an implementation team, also referred as the â€Å"tiger† team to lead the company through the process (Brown at al, 2012). Apart from sufficient planning, it is also prudent for the firm to have critical minds behind the switch to the new system. It is thus important for the management to ensure that all critical departments are represented in the team tasked with leading the transition process. In the NIBCO Company, for example, the three critical sectors of technology development, change management and business coordination were appointed to comprise the lead team (Brown at al, 2012).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches’ pros and cons Despite the enormous risk inv olved in implementation, there are various factors that work in favor of the big bang approach. It is considerably cheaper than the phased roll approach, which takes a much longer period to implement (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). The process is also quick and since the switch on takes a single date, it is easier to prepare the users technically and emotionally. Another advantage of the big bang approach is that training the users can be concentrated on the new systems since there is no change over training required. The challenges that may arise from the changes are also condensed over a shorter period of time and are, therefore, easy to manage and address. The approach is, however, challenged by the fact that the difficulties are more pronounced due to the shorter implementation period (Khanna and Arneja, 2012). There is also the danger of overlooking some details due to time limitation as well as the limitations that come with inability to carry out an end-to-end system testing. Conc lusion As much as the big bang approach is associated with a big risk factor, it is also endowed with the capacity to cause the company great savings in terms of time and money. The greatest secret to a successful implementation of the approach is prudent planning. References Brown, C.V., Dehayes, D.W., Hoffer, J. A., Martin, E. W. Perkins, W.C. (2012). Managing information technology (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Khanna, K. Arneja, G. P. (2012). Choosing an appropriate ERP implementation strategy. IOSR Journal of Engineering, vol. 2(3), pp. 478-483.